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The four primary physical sources of friction in rolling bearings

"Understanding the sources of friction is key to optimizing bearing performance and machine reliability. This excellent summary outlines the four physical sources: Rolling Friction, Sliding Friction, Seal Friction, and Drag Losses.
A key takeaway: sliding friction is ALWAYS present in rolling contact, both macro and micro. 
Here's a clear breakdown of the four primary physical sources of friction in rolling bearings. 
1.Rolling friction
Rolling friction loss is an inevitable phenomenon in rolling contact (dry contact or lubricated contact). There are various sources of this friction. Energy is consumed to import and discharge lubricant into and out of the contact area (elastohydrodynamic lubrication process). Elastic hysteresis loss of steel (energy dissipation during deformation) and even adhesion between contact surfaces may cause rolling friction.
 2.Sliding friction
Sliding friction always exists in rolling contact. There are two main reasons for the occurrence of sliding in rolling contact:
First, macro-sliding caused by overall contact under macro-geometric characteristics. That is, the contact (conformity) and rotation between the balls and the curved raceways in ball bearings, which is a type of angular velocity sliding. Second, micro-sliding caused by geometric deformation resulting from elastic deformation.
In the contact area, the sliding form generates friction loss through lubricant shear and rough surface contact, depending on the ratio of oil film thickness to roughness.
 3.Seal friction
Seal friction is caused by the sliding between the sealing lip and the corresponding steel surface.
 4.Drag loss
In oil bath lubrication, the bearing is partially immersed in the oil sump, or in certain special cases, fully submerged in it. The drag loss generated when the bearing rotates in the oil sump has a non-negligible impact on the total friction torque. Drag loss is not only affected by bearing speed, oil viscosity and oil level, but also by the size and geometric structure of the oil sump. In addition, the external oil churning effect caused by mechanical components near the bearing (such as gears or cams) should also be considered.

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